The Department Of Inspections And Appeals - 1628 Words

The Department of Inspections and Appeals is already established. They have a director of the department who is appointed by the governor to serve at the desire of the subject of the governor subject to confirmation by the senate at least four years, regardless whether there has been appointed new director during that time (Smith, 2014). Therefore, if the office becomes vacant, the vacancy shall be filled in the same manner as provided for the original appointment. The department is designed to conduct various audits, appeals, hearings, inspections, and investigations related to the operations of the executive branch of state government. The policies are to develop and recommend legislative proposals believed to be necessary for the†¦show more content†¦Iowa Department of Inspection and Appeals require that all medical information obtained in connection with the reasonable accommodation will be stored and kept confidential (Smith, 2014). Hence, medical information must be obtained with a request for reasonable accommodation will be stored and maintained in files separate from the individual’s personnel file in accordance with medical government employee. Describing the mission, policy issues, and methods for staying up to date on styles and practices are addressed, by focusing more on intelligence file guidelines and ensuring accountability of the intelligence function. States are expected to establish changes or create partnerships with the federal government since if the state fails, the federal is supposed to serve the residents (Smith, 2014). Policy implementation may need to take place concurrently across several departments, functions, and even jurisdictions with contradictory regulation is likewise essentially complicated. In most cases, organizations are performing badly in policy implementation: some admit they are occasionally, or even not at all able to apply policies without having negative impact to both employees and customers. Some admit that, they are only somewhat effective in this area. Implementation is the process of turning policy into practice. A policy should always consist of the policy written on a paper with employees sign off on a second sheet. Employees can sign off that they

The Secret Life of the Brain Essay - 1996 Words

The Secret life of the Brain The PBS special The Secret Life of the Brain took us through all different aspects of the brain and its formation through life. These five movies taught us that the brain is plastic and is always changing, cutting unused neurons and filling with different ideas and thoughts that you learn from your environment. The five videos go through the five stages of life; baby, child, teenager, adult and finally the aging brain. The Babys Brain: Wider than the Sky When you are born your brain is in taking all the different sounds and figures around you. Your brain was developing before you even arrived in the world that you are now aware of. After conception your brain starts to grow at a rapid rate; neural tubes†¦show more content†¦I find it interesting is that it is so simple to read yet there are so many steps that are needed to just read one word. The Teen Brain: A World of their Own Your brain has fully developed and you are emerging as a teen into a world of pressures. There are many addictions and disorders that begin at this stage in life. There are addictions to cocaine, pot, and alcohol. The main disorder that is discussed in the video is schizophrenia. Looking back to the pressure of teens to use psychoactive drugs such as cocaine , amphetamines , and even caffeine , it is seen that they are easily abused and have negative effects on the brain. The film taught us about a group of teens that had experimented with different substances and have become addicted to them. As many of the teens explained their addiction had taken over their lives, and they didnt want to do it anymore but because they had been doing it so long they were unable to function without it. I personally cant relate to this strong of an addiction, I have gone through phases in life where I really want something but never to the point of not being able to function. There are people that I personally know that are caffeine addicts where their days dont start until they have had there cup or two of coffee from Starbucks. What many people may not realize is that when you start taking a drug you get an immediate high, but after aShow MoreRelatedBrain Dysfunction913 Words   |  4 Pages Brain Dysfunction in Criminal Behavior Jose Luis Abreu CRJ308: Psychology of Criminal Behavior (BLG1319A) Instructor: Cheryl Cabero May 27th, 2013 Brain Dysfunction in Criminal Behavior After viewing the ABC video â€Å"The Brain and Violence: Secrets of Your Mind† I do believe that people are predisposed to violence. 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Night World Daughters of Darkness Chapter 17 Free Essays

Well, she wasn’t telling humans anything-but she did defy the authority of the Night World,† Ash said in his most lazy, careless voice. Quinn said succinctly, â€Å"How?† It was late Monday afternoon and the sun was streaming through the western windows of the Burdock farmhouse. Ash was wearing a brand-new shirt bought at the Briar Creek general store, a turtleneckwith long sleeves that covered the almost-healedscars on his throat and arms. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : Daughters of Darkness Chapter 17 or any similar topic only for you Order Now His jeans werebleached white, his hair was combed over the scabon the back of his head, and he was playing the scene of his life. â€Å"She knew about a rogue werewolf and didn’t tell.anybody about him.† â€Å"So she was a traitor. And what did you do?† Ash shrugged. â€Å"Staked her.† Quinn laughed out loud. â€Å"No, really,† Ash said earnestly, looking intoQuinn’s face with what he knew were wide, guileless eyes-probably blue. â€Å"See?† Without taking his eyes from Quinn’s he whipped a pink-and-green country quilt off the bundle on the couch. Quinn’s eyebrows flew upward. He stared for a moment at Aunt Opal, who had been cleaned so that you’d never know she’d ever been buried, and who had the picket stake carefully replaced in her chest. Quinn actually swallowed. It was the first time Ash had ever seen him falter. â€Å"You really did it,† he said. There was reluctant respect in his voice-and definite shock. You know, Quinn, I don’t think you’re quite as tough as you pretend. After all, no matter how you try to act like an Elder, you’re only eighteen. And you’ll always be eighteen, and next year maybe I’ll be older. â€Å"Well,† Quinn said, blinking rapidly. â€Å"Well. Well___ I have to hand it to you.† â€Å"Yeah, I just decided the best thing to do was cleanup the whole situation. She was getting on, you know.† Quinn’s dark eyes widened fractionally. â€Å"I have toadmit -I didn’t think you were that ruthless.† â€Å"You’ve gotta do what you’ve gotta do. For the family honor, of course.† Quinn cleared his throat. â€Å"So-what about thewerewolf?† â€Å"Oh, I took care of that, too.† Ash meandered over and whipped a brown-and-white quilt off Exhibit B. The wolf was a charred and contorted corpse. It had given Mary-Lynnette hysterics when Ash insisted on pulling it out of the car, and Quinn’s nostrils quivered when he looked at it. â€Å"Sorry, it does smell like burnt hair, doesn’t it? Igot a little sooty myself, keeping him in the fire†¦.† â€Å"You burned himalive?† â€Å"Well, it is one of the traditional methods†¦.†Ã¢â‚¬ Just put the blanket back, all right?† Ash put the blanket back. â€Å"So, you see, everything’s taken care of. No humans involved, no extermination necessary.† â€Å"Yes, all right †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Quinn’s eyes were still on the quilt. Ash decided the moment was right. â€Å"And by the way, it turns out the girls had aperfectly legitimate reason for coming. They just wanted to learn to hunt. Nothing illegal about that,is there?† â€Å"What? Oh. No.† Quinn glanced at Aunt Opal, then finally looked back at Ash. â€Å"So they’re coming back now that they’ve learned it.† â€Å"Well, eventually. They haven’t quite learned it yet†¦ so they’re staying.† â€Å"They’restaying?† †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†Right. Look, I’m the head of the familyon the West Coast, aren’t I? And I say they’re staying.† â€Å"Ash†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. â€Å" â€Å"It’s about time there was a Night World outpost in this area, don’t you think? You see what’s happened without one. You get families of outlaw werewolves wandering around. Somebody’s got to stay here and hold down the fort.† â€Å"Ash †¦ you couldn’t payNight People to strand themselves out here. Nothing but animals to feed on, nobody but humans to associate with †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Yeah, it’s a dirty job, but someone’s got to do it.Besides, wasn’t it you who said it’s not good living your whole life isolated on an island?† Quinn stared at him, then said, â€Å"Well, I don’t thinkthis is much better.† â€Å"Then it serves my sisters right. Maybe in a few years they’ll appreciate the island more. Then theycan hand the job over to someone else.† â€Å"Ash †¦ no one else is going to comehere.† â€Å"Well.† With the battle won, and Quinn simplylooking dazed and as if he wanted to get back to LosAngeles as fast as possible, Ash allowed himself a small measure of truth. â€Å"I might come visit them someday,† he said. â€Å"He did a beautiful job,† Rowan said that evening. â€Å"We heard it all from the kitchen. You would have loved it.† Mary-Lynnette smiled. â€Å"Quinn can’t wait to get away,† Jade said, in tertwining her fingers with Mark’s. Kestrel said to Ash, â€Å"I’d just like to be around when you explain all this to Dad.† â€Å"That’s funny,† Ash said. â€Å"I feel just the opposite.† Everyone laughed-except Mary-Lynnette. The big farm kitchen was warm and bright, but the windowswere darkening. She couldn’t see anything in the gathering darkness-in the last two days the effects of her blood exchange had faded. Her senses were ordinary human senses again. â€Å"You’re sure you won’t get in trouble?† sheasked Ash. â€Å"No. I’ll tell our dad the truth-mostly. That anoutlaw werewolf killed Aunt Opal and that I killed the werewolf. And that the girls are better off here,hunting quietly and watching out for other rogues. There’s sure to be some record of the Lovett fam ily†¦. Dad can check out the history all he wants.† â€Å"A whole family of outlaw werewolves,† Kestrel said musingly. â€Å"Ofcrazy werewolves,† Ash said. â€Å"They were as dangerous to the Night World as any vampire hunters could be. God knows how long they’ve beenhere-long enough for their land to get named Mad Dog Creek.† â€Å"And for people to mistake them for Sasquatch,† Mark said. Rowan’s brown eyes were troubled. â€Å"And it wasmy fault that you didn’t know,† she said to MaryLynnette. â€Å"I told you-he couldn’t be the killer. I’m sorry.† Mary-Lynnette captured her gaze and held it. â€Å"Rowan, you arenotgoing to feel guilty for this. You couldn’t have realized. He wasn’t killing for food like a normal werewolf. He was killing to protect his territory-and to scare us.† â€Å"And it might have worked,† Mark said. â€Å"Exceptthat you guys didn’t have anywhere else to go.† Ash looked at Mark, then at his sisters. â€Å"I have a question. Is the territory around here going to be enough foryou?† â€Å"Of course,† Rowan said, with gentle surprise. â€Å"We don’t always need tokill the animals,† Jade said. â€Å"We’re getting it down pat now. We can take a little here and a little there. Heck, we can even trythe goat. â€Å" â€Å"I’d rather try Tiggy,† Kestrel said, and for a moment her golden eyes glimmered. Mary-Lynnette didn’t say it, but she wondered sometimes about Kestrel. If maybe, someday, Kestrel might need a bigger territory of her own. She was a lot like Jeremy in some ways. Beautiful, ruthless, single-minded. A true Night Person. â€Å"And what about you?† Ash said, looking at mark. â€Å"Me? Uh†¦ Well, when you get down to it, I’m kind of a hamburger guy†¦.† â€Å"I tried to take him hunting last night,† Jade interpreted. â€Å"You know, just to show him. But he threw up.† â€Å"I didn’t actually-â€Å" â€Å"Yes, you did,† Jade said calmly and cheerfully. Mark looked away. Mary-Lynnette noticed they didn’t stop holding hands. â€Å"So I take it you’re not going to become a vampire,† Ash said to Mark. â€Å"Uh, let’s just say not any time soon.† Ash turned to Mary-Lynnette. â€Å"And what about the human end of things? Do we have that taken care of?† â€Å"Well, I know everything that’s going on intown-by which I mean that I talked with BunnyMarten this morning. I’m so glad she’s not a vampire, incidentally Mark said, â€Å"I always knew it† â€Å"Anyway, here’s the quick version.† MaryLynnette held up a finger. â€Å"One, everybody knowsthat Jeremy is gone-his boss at the gas stationmissed him yesterday and went up to check the trailer. They found a lot of weird stuff there. But all they know is that he’s disappeared.† â€Å"Good,† Rowan said. Mary-Lynnette held up another finger. â€Å"Two,Dad is sorry but not surprised that the stationwagon blew up. Claudine has been predicting itwould for a year.† Another finger. â€Å"Three, Mr. Kimble doesn’t have any ideawhatkilled his horse-but now he thinks it was an animal instead of a person. Vic Kimble thinks it was maybe Sasquatch. He and Todd are very spooked and want to get out of Briar Creek forgood â€Å"And let’s have a moment of silence to show howwe’ll miss them,† Mark said solemnly, and blew a raspberry. â€Å"Four,† Mary-Lynnette said, holding up a fourthfinger, â€Å"you girls are eventually going to have to mention that your aunt hasn’t come back from her ‘vacation.’ But I thinkyou can wait awhile. Nobody comes out here so nobody will notice she’s gone. And I think we can bury her and Jeremy safely. Even if somebody finds them, what have they got? A mummy that looks about a thousand years old and a wolf. They won’t be able to connect them to the missing people.† â€Å"Poor old Aunt Opal,† Jade said, still cheerful.†But she helped us in the end, didn’t she?† Mary-Lynnette looked at her. Yes, there it is, shethought. The silver in the eyes when you laugh about death. Jade is a true Night Person, too. â€Å"She did help. And I’m going to miss her,† she said out loud. Kestrel said, â€Å"So everything is taken care of.† â€Å"Seems like it.† Ash hesitated. â€Å"And Quinn is waiting down the road. I_ told him it would only takea couple hours to finish making arrangements and say goodbye.† There was a silence. â€Å"I’ll see you off,† Mary-Lynnette said at last. They went together to the front door. When theywere outside in the twilight Ash shut the door be hind them. â€Å"You still can come with me, you know.† â€Å"With you and Quinn?† â€Å"I’ll send him away. Or I’ll go and come back tomorrow and get you. Or I’ll come back and stay†¦.† â€Å"You need to go tell your father about this. Make everything right with him, so it’s safe for your sisters. You knowthat.† â€Å"Well, I’ll come back afterthat,†Ash said, with an edge of desperation to his voice. Mary-Lynnette looked away. The sun was gone. Looking east, the sky was already the darkest purple imaginable. Almost black. Even as she watched, a starcame out. Or-not a star. Jupiter. â€Å"I’m not ready yet. I wish I were.† â€Å"No, you don’t,† Ash said, and he was right, of course. She’d known ever since she sat there by theroad, crying while her car burned. And althoughshe’d thought and thought about it since then, sitting in her darkened room, there was nothing she coulddo to change her own mind. She would never be a vampire. She just wasn’t cutout for it. She couldn’t do the things vampires hadto do-and stay sane. She wasn’t like Jade or Kestrelor even Rowan with her pale sinewy feet and her instinctive love of the hunt. She’d looked into the heart of the Night World . . .and she couldn’t join it. â€Å"I don’t want you to be like that,† Ash said. â€Å"Iwant you to be likeyou. â€Å" Without looking at him, Mary-Lynnette said, â€Å"Butwe’re not kids. We can’t be like Jade and Mark, and just hold hands and giggle and never think about the future.† â€Å"No, we’re only soulmates, that’s all. We’re onlydestined to be together forever†¦.† â€Å"If we’ve got forever, then you can give me time,† Mary-Lynnette said. â€Å"Go back and’ wander a little. Take a look at the Night World and make sure youwant to give it up â€Å"I know that already.† â€Å"Take a look at humans and make sure you wantto be tied to one of them.† â€Å"And think about the things I’ve done to humans, maybe?† Mary-Lynnette looked at him directly. â€Å"Yes.† He looked away. â€Å"All right. I admit it. I’ve got a lot to make up for†¦.† Mary-Lynnette knew it. He’d thought of humansas vermin-and food. The things she’d seen in hismind made her not want to picture more. â€Å"Then make up for what you can,† she said, although she didn’t dare really hope that he would. â€Å"Take time to do that. And giveme time to finish growing up. I’m still in high school, Ash.† â€Å"You’ll be out in a year. I’ll come back then.† â€Å"It may be too soon.† â€Å"I know. I’ll come back anyway.† He smiled ironically. â€Å"And in the meantime I’ll fight dragons, just like any knight for his lady. I’ll prove myself. You’ll be proud of me.† Mary-Lynnette’s throat hurt. Ash’s smile disappeared. They just stood looking at each other. It was the obvious time for a kiss. Instead, they just stood staring like hurt kids, and then one ofthem moved and they were holding on to each other. Mary-Lynnette held on tighter and tighter, her face buried in Ash’s shoulder. Ash, who seemed to have lost it altogether, was raining kisses on the back of her neck, saying, â€Å"I wish I were a human. I wishI were.† â€Å"No, you don’t,† Mary-Lynnette said, seriously unsteady because of the kisses. â€Å"I do. I do.† But it wouldn’t help, and Mary-Lynnette knew he knew it. The problem wasn’t simply what he was, it was what he’d done-and what he was going to do. He’d seen too much of the dark side of life to be a normal person. His nature was already formed, and she wasn’t sure he could fight it. â€Å"Believe in me,† he said, as if he could hear her. Mary-Lynnette couldn’t say yes or no. So she did the only thing she could do-she lifted her head. Hislips were in the right place to meet hers. The electric sparks weren’t painful anymore, she discovered? and the pink haze could be quite wonderful. For a time everything was warm and sweet and strangelypeaceful. And then, behind them, somebody knocked on thedoor. Mary-Lynnette and Ash jumped and separated.They looked at each other, startled, emotions still tooraw, and then Mary-Lynnette realized where she was. She laughed and so did Ash. â€Å"Come out,† they said simultaneously. Mark and Jade came out. Rowan and Kestrel werebehind them. They all stood on the porch-avoiding the hole. They all smiled at Ash and Mary-Lynnette in a way that made Mary-Lynnette blush. â€Å"Goodbye,† she said firmly to Ash. He looked at her for a long moment, then looked at the road behind him. Then he turned to go. Mary-Lynnette watched him, blinking away tears.She still couldn’t let herself believe in him. But there was no harm in hoping, was there? In wishing. Evenif wishes almost never came true†¦. Jade gasped. â€Å"Look!† They all saw it, and Mary-Lynnette felt her heartjump violently. A bolt of light was streaking acrossthe darkness in the northeast. Not a little wimpyshooting star-a brilliant green meteor that crossedhalf the sky, showering sparks. It was right above Ash’s path, as if lighting his way. A late Perseid. The last of the summer meteors. But it seemed like a blessing. â€Å"Quick, quick, wish,† Mark was telling Jade eagerly. â€Å"A wish on that star you gotta get.† Mary-Lynnette glanced at his excited face, at theway his eyes shone with excitement. Beside him, Jade was clapping, her own eyes wide with delight. I’m so glad you’re happy, Mary-Lynnette thought. My wish for you came true. So now maybe I can wish for myself. I wish †¦ I wish †¦ Ash turned around and smiled at her. â€Å"See you next year,† he said. â€Å"With slain dragons!† He started down the weed-strewn path to the road. For a moment, in the deep violet twilight, he didlook to Mary-Lynnette like a knight walking off ona quest. A knight-errant with shining blond hair and no weapons, going off into a very dark and dangerous wilderness. Then he turned around and walked backward, waving, which ruined the effect. Everyone shouted goodbyes. Mary-Lynnette could feel them around her, her brother and her three blood-sisters, all radiating warmth and support. Playful Jade. Fierce Kestrel. Wise and gentle Rowan. And Mark, who wasn’t sullen and solitary anymore. Tiggy wound himselfaround her ankles, purring amiably. â€Å"Even when we’re apart, we’ll be looking at the same sky!† Ash yelled. â€Å"What a line,† Mary-Lynnette called back. But hewas right. The sky would be there for both of them.She’d alwaysknow hewas out there somewhere,looking up at it in wonder. Just knowing that was important. And she was clear on who she was at last. Shewas Mary-Lynnette, and someday she’d discover a supernova or a comet or a black hole, but she’d doit as a human. And Ash would come back next year. And she would always love the night. [The End] How to cite Night World : Daughters of Darkness Chapter 17, Essay examples

Professor Explain About Family Violence or Domestic Violence

Question: Domestic violence, in which an adult male abuses their female partner, is the only form of family violence that forensic psychologists should be concerned about". Critically evaluate this statement with regards to the existing literature on partner violence, family violence, and stalking. Answer: Domestic violence includes behavior used by one person in order to control other person. Person may be married or not married. Victim can be of any age, sex, race culture etc. hence it cannot be said that male abusing their female partners is the only form of family violence. Children may be abused by their parents or may be neglected which will constitute one kind of domestic violence. In-laws may also abuse their daughter in law for dowry reason. It is not necessary that only women will always be the victim, men can also be harassed mentally as well as physically. Traditionally, domestic violence was associated with physical violence, for instance, a physical injury by the male member of a household on the female partner, and also a repeated behavior of the same. As the time changes now, the term domestic violence is more broadly defined. We say that it not only includes physical harassment but also all acts of sexual and psychological pressures including verbal abuse, marital rape, dowry related acts which are harmful to women in a short as well as long run. Along with these issues, child abuse, and violent acts among the family members have also become major perspectives of Family violence.(Johnson, (2008)) When we talk about violence, first thing comes in mind is physical assault. Yes, the cases like acid attacks seen in recent years, where acid is thrown in anger or vengeance at the victims, usually at their faces, burning them, often exposing and sometimes dissolving the bones. (Shipway, (2004))This may result in long-term blindness and permanent scarring of the body. Denying the fact that the victim needed medical care, depriving them of sleep or other necessary functions, forcing the victim to engage in drug or alcohol use against their will, or creating any physical harm are all forms of physical abuse. It can also include inflicting physical injury onto other targets, such as children or pets, in order to cause emotional harm to the victim. All such matters need to be considered seriously in order to stop such incidents. Family violence theory is a broader context. Apart from cases of abuse by a male on the female partner, it includes cases of child maltreatment, the negligent behavior and exploitation in the family, verbal violence between the family members leading to mental harassment. (Nolan, (2008)) Marital rape may be experienced through patterns of physical abuse, force, or demeaning sexual behavior. If we talk about rape cases, the victims of rape have been subject to violence majorly from their family and relatives.(Fife Schrager, (2011))Based on Violence as Trauma theory it can be concluded that the effects and consequences of rape can include both physical trauma and psychological trauma. However, physical force is not necessarily used in rape, and physical injuries are not always a consequence. They are seen as brought disgrace to the family and are forced to take extreme steps of ending their lives out of family pressure. The time when these victims look for support and affection from their near ones are exploited and left alone, or being looked down upon, especially in the case when they become pregnant. The feelings of unhappiness and sadness instill in their lives, which could be a sign of depression. Self-blame is among the most common of both short- and long-term effects. They feel that they should have done something differently, and therefore feel at fault.(Lombard McMillan, (2013)) Sometimes apart from male - female issues, the mental and verbal pressures done by other family members on the female appears to be a major constituent of family violence. Even though there is no established definition for emotional abuse, emotional abuse can possess a definition beyond verbal and psychological abuse. (Kenney, (2011))Based on Control theory emotional abuse and controlling anothers behavior, telling the victim that they will be killed if they ever leave the relationship, giving the threat of public humiliation of victim and victims family members, restricting their access to the financial resources, education or medical help, constant criticism of victims behavior and actions, or passing on devaluing statements leading to undermining victims self esteem and then they believe that all this abuse and harassment if their fault. The victim may experience severe psychological effects. (Davis, (1998))This would involve the tactics of brainwashing, which can fall under psych ological abuse as well, but emotional abuse consists of the manipulation of the victim's emotions. The victim may feel their emotions are being affected by the abuser so much that the victim may no longer recognize what their own feelings are about issue/s the abuser is trying to control. The emotional abuse and stalking acts my not leave any physical scars, but it leaves a major impact on ones confidence and esteem. In addition, the abuser may also put the victim on an allowance, closely monitor how the victim spends money, spend victim's money without his/her consent or completely spend victim's savings to limit available resources. (Cafrey, (2008)) When an allowance is broken or there is a disagreement about the justification for any money spent, the abuser may punish the victim with physical, sexual or emotional abuse. In a family, the husband yell, insults his wife, though violence does not end here. His other family members also indulge in controlling his wifes actions, limiti ng her freedom of movement or repeatedly doing hurtful acts, even controlling her money resources and causing situations to feel threatened..this all makes a broader definition of family violence. I believe that the impact of this abuse has a major long lasting impact on the victim leading to suicides, depression and zero level confidence. If we talk in regard to children, an emotional abuse of a child can be defined as pattern of behavior based on Behavioral theoryby parents and guardians that can seriously interfere with a childs emotional, psychological or social development. Some parents may emotionally and psychologically harm their children because of stress, poor parenting skills, social isolation, and lack of available resources (McGee, (2000))or inappropriate expectations of their children. They may emotionally abuse their children because the parents were emotionally abused during their own childhood. Even babies or infants with less severe emotional deprivation can grow into anxious and insecure children who are slow to develop and who have low self-esteem, poor development of basic skills, and difficulty in forming relationships. This psychological aggression cannot be overlooked when we talk about family violence. The social views on domestic violence always vary from person to person, from region to regio n. Local traditions have also played a pivotal role in maintaining violence domestically. They majorly include the desire of a family to have a boy and not girl child leading to abuse and harassment of the mother and neglect of girl child by disappointed family members, which is still strongly prevalent in Asian countries. Generally, male babies were preferred because they provided manual labor and succeed the family name(Buzawa Buzawa, (2003)). The sons are expected to take care of their parents in their old age and a daughter is a "liability" since she will be married off to another family, and so will not contribute financially to her parents. These factors complicate the victims life adversely and give a mental pressure to abide by the wishes of the family irrespective of damaging ill effects on her health, mind and feelings. Also, adding on the child and forced marriages. This has the high rate of domestic violence, not only the spousal violence inside the marriage(Cook, (2009)) but also the violence related to the customs and traditions of these marriages, mainly the payment of bride price and killings for refusing the marriage( as honor killings these days). Child marriage affects both boys and girls, though the overwhelming majority of those affected are girls, most of whom are in poor socioeconomic situations. Poor parents may have few alternatives they can afford for the girls in the family; they often view marriage as a means to ensure their daughter's financial security and to reduce the economic burden of a growing adult on the family. They feel that they are providing their daughter a sense of protection from this male dominated world, however in reality; young girls tend to marry older men, placing them at an increased risk of contracting a sexually transmitted infection. Moreover, the health consequences of child marriage in girls are more severe. This may be driven by factors like poverty, illiteracy, fear of remaining unmarried and inability of women to work for money but it leaves a long lasting negative consequence on the health, education and social development perspectives of the girl, even leads to death for girls aged 15 to 19 years due to pregnancy and child birth. Larger age gaps between the child and her spouse makes her increasingly vulnerable to domestic violence and nonconsensual sexual intercourse.(Surbhi, (2013)) Early marriage places young girls in a vulnerable situation of being completely dependent on her husband. Domestic and sexual violence from their husbands have devastating mental health consequences for young girls because they are at a formative stage of psychological development. How can this be rated or ignored when we talk about family violence or domestic violence. Dowry gave, at least in theory, women economic and financial security in their marriage in the form of movable goods. This helped prevent family wealth break-up and provided security to the bride at the same time. In addition to marriage customs that may influence dowry, social customs or rituals, and parents expectations of dowry are important factors to consider. Even after marriage, some brides are tortured and forced to bring more and more dowry from their parents' house. If they fail, they are tortured and finally killed. The problem of dowry has reached the climax. Most dowry deaths occur when the young woman, unable to bear the harassment and torture, commits suicide. Most of these suicides are by hanging, poisoning or by fire. In some cases, dowry is used as a threat or hostage type situation, in order to extract more property from the brides family. This type of situation can occur with the threat of violence, so that the brides family is left with no choice but to give more dowry to protect their daughter The reason many parents don't want to have daughters is because of the dowry they will have to shell out at her marriage, and the stress they go through due to never ending demands from her in-laws. (Unicef, (2014))This system has become an insult to our education and culture as many educated families are demanding dowry. Some of the brilliant and smart girls remain unmarried as they are poor and their parents cannot spend handsome amount on their marriages. This also brings a sense of rejection and discrimination in the females, might leading to depression as well. Cant we also call this a major part of psychological violence being done by the families, the mental trauma of the girl parents to satisfy the undue wants and wishes of the boys family irrespective of minimal financial sources. The impact of dowry can leave a woman helpless and desperate, which can cumulate in emotional trauma and abuse. From history till date, the dowry system has majorly led to abuses and deaths of females. Women face violence by the family members which includes strong requirement of female virginity before the wedding and violence related to non-conforming women and girls; myths about menstruation leading to females being isolated and shunned during the time of menstruation.(Irian, (2014)) Historically, domestic violence has been seen as a heterosexual family issue and little interest has been directed at violence in same-sex relationships but domestic violence can occur in same-sex relationships as well. For several methodological reasons it is not possible to assess the extent of same-sex domestic violence. People in same-sex relationships face special obstacles in dealing with the issues, for instance, potential dismissal by the police and some social services, a lack of support from peers, fear of attracting negative stigma towards the community, the impact of HIV/AIDS status in keeping partners together, and encountering supportive services that are targeted, or structured for the needs of heterosexual women, and may not meet the needs of gay men or lesbians. (Fernandez, 2013))This service structure can make these victims feel even more isolated and misunderstood than they may already because of their minority status.(John Delisi, (2008)) There has always been controversy regarding the influence of religion on domestic violence. Generally, no religion sanctions violence against women, but there are some religious scriptures that have been "taken out of context" to support discrimination against women within a community like Christianity and Islam have traditionally supported male-dominant households and the Catholic Church has been criticized for opposing divorce, and therefore trapping victims of violence in abusive marriages. Fear of negligence and opposition from the society make the victim stay in the marriage and subsequently handle all kinds of stress and trauma on a routine basis.(Power, (2008)) Couples that share power equally experience lower incidence of conflict, and when conflict does arise, are less likely to resort to violence. If one spouse desires control and power in the relationship, The spouse may resort to abuse. This may include threats, intimidation, emotional abuse, economic abuse, isolation, making light of the situation and blaming the spouse, using children (threatening to take them away), and behaving as the "master of the castle". As per Resource TheoryStress may be increased when a person is living in a family situation with increased pressures. Social stresses, due to inadequate finances or other such problems in a family may further increase tensions. Violence is not always caused by stress, but may be one way that some people respond to stress. Families and couples in poverty may be more likely to experience domestic violence, due to increased stress and conflicts about finances and other aspects. Sometimes, one person seeks complete power and control over their partner and uses different ways to achieve this, including resorting to physical violence. The person attempts to control all aspects of the victim's life, such as their social, personal, pr ofessional and financial decisions. When we talk about family violence, it is arising from all aspects.be it male to female, or towards children, or other family members and society as a whole. Each aspect is leaving a significant effect on victims life. Some long-term effects on a child based on Reactive aggression theory who comes from an abusive household, or have been abused themselves, are guilt, anger, depression/anxiety, shyness, nightmares, disruptiveness, irritability, and problems getting along with others. Although they may have not been the ones being abused(Cannor, (2012)), it still affects them because they had to experience and witness their loved ones being abused, which takes a toll on them as well.(Fite, (2006)) A child who grows up being abused thinks of that as a way a family functions, and has a high risk to grow up and repeat the cycle because that is all they know. A victims overwhelming lack of resources (Morgan, (2005))can also lead to homelessness and poverty. A person who has suffered abuse is at risk for a lot of negative consequences that can put them on a destructive path for their future. After studying about various kinds of domestic violence it can be concluded that male abuse to female partner is not the only kind of violence that should be concerned. After effects of rape cases, children getting abused at home by parents, women getting tortured by their in-laws etc. are required to be considered seriously as they may lead to death of victim. If no one will bother what the victim is going through it will affect them they may take serious steps like suicide.Survivors who experience this self-blame feels that there is something inherently wrong with them which have caused them to deserve to be assaulted. (Faan., (2010))There are a number of reasons that victims report using substances like alcohol and drugs as they cannot be reassured enough that what happened to them is "not their fault." This helps them fight through shame and feel safe, secure, and grieve in a healthy way. On the other hand, if at this time their family confers in victim that you are strong and w e will help you out, nothing like this, but no support and devaluing statements makes their life even worse. Bibliography 1. Albert, R. ((2002)). Handbook of Domestic Violence Intervention Strategies. 2. Buzawa, E., Buzawa, C. ((2003)). Domestic Violence: The Criminal Justice Response. Sage Publishers.3. Cafrey, H. ((2008)). Domestic Violence. New York: Rosen Publishing Company.4. Cannor, d. ((2012)). Aggression and Antisocial Behavior in Children. 5. Cook, P. ((2009)). Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence. Green Wood Publishing Group.6. Davis, R. ((1998)). Domestic Violence: Facts and Fallacies. Prager Publsihers.7. Faan. ((2010)). Family Violence and Nursing Practice, Second Edition (2nd ed.). Springer Publishing Company.8. Fernandez, E. (2013)). Treatments for Anger in Specific Populations: Theory,. 9. Fife, R., Schrager, S. ((2011)). Family Violence: What Health Care Providers Need to Know. Canada: David Cella.10. Fite, J. P. ((2006)). Pathways from Proactive and Reactive Aggression. 11. Irian. ((2014)). Retrieved May 4, (2015), from https://www.irinnews.org/report/74793/afghanistan-wi despread-child-marriage-blamed-for-domestic-violence12. John, P., Delisi, M. ((2008)). Violent Offenders: Theory, Research, Public Policy. 13. Johnson, M. ((2008)). A Typology of Domestic Violence. Lebanon: United Press of New England.14. Kenney, K. ((2011)). Domestic Violence. Mankato: ABDO Publishing Company.15. Laird, M. ((2008)). Domestic Violence: A Reference Handbook. 16. Lombard, N., McMillan. ((2013)). Violence Against Women: Current Theory and Practice. London: Jessica Kingsley.17. McGee, C. ((2000)). Childhood Experiences of Domestic Violence. New York: Jessica Kingsley .18. Morgan, j. ((2005)). Psychology of Aggression - Page 39. 19. Nolan, H. ((2008)). Theoretical Basis for Family Violence. 20. Power, C. ((2008)). Moral Education: A-L - Page 13. 21. Shipway, L. ((2004)). Domestic Violence: A Handbook for Health Professionals. new york: Routledge.22. Surbhi, T. ((2013), August 28). Nation against early marriage. Retrieved May 2, (2015), from https://www.breakthrough.tv/ earlymarriage/2013/08/impact-early-marriage-domestic-violence-sexuality/23. Unicef. ((2014), October 22). Retrieved May 4, (2015), from https://www.unicef.org/protection/57929_58008.html

Revelation Essays - Revelation, Turpin, Flash Cartoons, Claud

Revelation The story opens with Ruby Turpin entering a doctor's waiting room with her husband Claud who has been kicked by a cow. As she and Claud wait, she takes hard stock of the other people in the room. There was some white-trash, a "red- headed youngish woman" who was not white-trash, just common, a well-dressed, pleasant looking lady, and her daughter, an ill-mannered ugly girl in Girl Scout shoes with heavy socks who was reading a book titled Human Development. Listening to the Gospel song playing on the radio in the background, Mrs. Turpin's "heart rose. [Jesus] had not made her a nigger or white-trash or ugly! He had made her herself and given her a little of everything. Jesus, thank you! she said. Thank you thank you thank you!" A few moments later, agreeing with the pleasant lady in regard to her ugly tempered daughter that "'It never hurt anyone to smile,'" Mrs. Turpin notes, "If it's one thing I am, . . .it's grateful. When I think who all I could have been beside myself and what all I got, a little of everything, and a good disposition besides, I just feel like shouting, 'Thank you, Jesus, for making everything the way it is!' . . .'Oh thank you, Jesus, Jesus, thank you!' she cried aloud." Suddenly the book Human Development "struck her directly over her left eye." Nurse, doctor, and mother scramble to subdue the ugly girl. Transfixed by the girl's eyes focused on her, Mrs. Turpin asks "'What you got to say to me?'" waiting, as O'Connor says "as for a revelation." "Go back to hell where you came from, you old wart hog" [the girl] whispered." Haunted by this command, Ruby Turpin spends the rest of the day in puzzlement and concentration. Finally, while hosing down the hog pen that evening she whispers to God in a fierce voice, "What do you send me a message like that for?" "How am I a hog and me both? How am I saved and from hell too?" If students can understand the answer to this question, they can understand the medieval notion of Original Sin. Struggling against the recognition that she shares in the common legacy of humanity, Ruby Turpin wants to know how she is like a hog, and why with plenty of white-trash around the message had to come to her. Challenging God to go on and call her a wart hog from hell, to put the top rung on the bottom, she yells out "There'll still be a top and a bottom!" Shaking with fury, she demands of God, "Who do you think you are?" In a final vision, something akin to the great medieval leveling of death and damnation and salvation forces itself upon her. With an ironic humor reminiscent of Chaucer and beatific purification echoing Dante, O'Connor writes A visionary lights settled in her eyes. She saw the streak [of the setting sun] as a vast swinging bridge extending upward from the earth through a field of living fire. Upon it a horde of souls were rumbling toward heaven. There were whole companies of white-trash, clean for the first time in their lives, and bands of black niggers in white robes, and battalions of freaks and lunatics shouting and clapping and leaping like frogs. And bringing up the end of the procession was a tribe of people whom she recognized at once as those who, like herself and Claud, had always had a little of everything and the God-given wit to use it right. She leaned forward to observe them closer. They were marching behind the others with great dignity, accountable as they had always been for good order and common sense and respectable behavior. They alone were on key. Yet she could see by their shocked and altered faces that even their virtues were being burned away. In painful clarity, Ruby Turpin recognizes, as one critic put it, "the inadequacy of her respectability and the shallowness of her values" (Pepin 26). The vision shows her how--considered by God no more worthy than white-trash, or niggers, or freaks--she can be both a wart hog before the judgment seat of God and saved, too. If "Revelation" can help students understand the nature of Original Sin and the inscrutable nature of God's wisdom, the "A Good Man is Hard to Find" can certainly help them see both the frailty of human will and the kindred nature of human existence. Like Ruby Turpin, the grandmother of "A Good Man Is Hard to

The Connection Between Gun Control Legislation and Gun Crime

The Connection Between Gun Control Legislation and Gun Crime In the aftermath of the June 2016 mass shooting in Orlando, a debate has again turned to whether gun control legislation actually works to reduce gun-related violence. Over the years studies have produced mixed results, which fuels the debate, providing science-based arguments on both sides. However, researchers at Columbia Universitys Mailman School of Public Health have now settled the debate by conducting a massive international review of studies published all the way back to 1950. They found that gun control laws are in fact associated with lower rates of gun-related violence in most countries. About the Study The study, titled  What Do We Know About the Association Between Firearm Legislation and Firearm-Related Injuries? was published in  Epidemiologic Reviews  in February 2016. Lead by Dr. Julian Santaella-Tenorio, a team of researchers examined the findings from 130 studies from 10 countries published between 1950 and 2014. The studies reviewed were all conducted to examine the connection  between gun laws and gun-related homicides, suicides, and unintentional injuries and deaths. The laws in question covered a range of issues related to citizen access to guns. They included laws that govern the use of guns, like the right to carry and stand your ground laws; the sale of guns, including background checks and waiting periods; ownership restrictions, like bans on purchasing for persons with a felony record or documented mental condition; storage-related laws designed to prevent child access in the home; and laws that regulate access to certain guns like automatic and semi-automatic weapons and high-capacity magazines. The studies reviewed included numerous other laws within these categories, ​which are listed in full in the report. The Convincing and Consistent Evidence While the researchers did find some conflicting findings within their review, they found enough convincing and consistent evidence across various locations to conclude that laws that restrict access to and govern the use of guns are  associated with reductions in gun-related deaths, lower rates of intimate partner homicide, and reductions in unintentional gun-related deaths of children. The researchers, however, emphasize that their findings from the review of these 130 studies do not prove causality between gun control legislation and reduced rates of gun violence. Rather, the findings point to an association or correlation between the two variables. Santaella-Tenorio summed this up for Columbia Universitys online news outlet, saying,  In most countries, we saw evidence of the reduction in the firearm death rates after the enactment of firearm legislation.† A Look at Other Nations   Honing in on specifics, the study found  laws that target multiple aspects of gun control reduced gun-related deaths in some countries. They highlight the well-known clear evidence from Australia that followed the passage of the countrys 1996 National Firearm Agreement. Studies that have examined rates of gun violence following the passage of this legislative package found that it led to a decline in gun-related deaths, gun-related suicides, and mass shootings. The researchers point out that similar studies found similar results in other nations. Studies of Targeted Laws   Focusing on studies of more targeted laws, the researchers found that in some cases, restrictions on purchasing, access, and use of guns are associated with reduced gun-related deaths. Studies from the U.S. show that when background checks include restraining orders, fewer women are killed by current or former romantic partners through the use of guns. Further, some studies from the U.S. show that laws that require background checks to include local mental health facility records are associated with fewer gun-related suicides. Studies of Legislation in Place The review also found that studies that focused on legislation that relaxes gun laws, like stand your ground and right to carry laws, and the repeal of existing laws leads  to an increase in gun-related homicides. So, contrary to the belief of the NRA and many others in the U.S., the right to carry laws do not reduce gun violence. Theres never been more compelling evidence that legislative control of our access to and use of guns is a benefit to society.

Eric Holder - Presser Announcing 9/11 Trials at Gitmo

Eric Holder Announcing 9/11 Conspirator Trials at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base delivered 4 April 2011, Washington, D.C. In November of 2009, I announced that Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and four other individuals would stand trial in federal court for their roles in the terrorist attacks on our country on September the 11th of 2001. As I said then, the decision between federal courts and military commissions was not an easy one to make. I began my review of this case with an open mind and with just one goal: to look at the facts, look at the law, and choose the venue where we could achieve swift and sure justice most effectively for the victims of those horrendous attacks and their family members. After consulting with prosecutors from both the Department of Justice and Department of Defense and after thoroughly studying the case, it became clear to me that the best venue for prosecution was in federal court. I stand by that decision today. As the indictment unsealed today reveals, we were prepared to bring a powerful case against Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and his four co-conspirators one of the most well-researched and documented cases I have ever seen in my decades of experience as a prosecutor. We had carefully evaluated the evidence and concluded that we could prove the defendants’ guilt while adhering to the bedrock traditions and values of our laws. We had consulted extensively with the intelligence community and developed detailed plans for handling classified evidence. Had this case proceeded in Manhattan or in an alternative venue in the United States, as I seriously explored in the past year, I am confident that our justice system would have performed with the same distinction that has been its hallmark for over two hundred years. Unfortunately, since I made that decision, Members of Congress have intervened and imposed restrictions blocking the administration from bringing any Guantanamo detainees to trial in the United States, regardless of the venue. As the President has said, those unwise and unwarranted restrictions undermine our counterterrorism efforts and could harm our national security. Decisions about who, where and how to prosecute have always been and must remain the responsibility of the executive branch. Members of Congress simply do not have access to the evidence and other information necessary to make prosecution judgments. Yet they have taken one of the nation’s most tested counterterrorism tools off the table and tied our hands in a way that could have serious ramifications. We will continue to seek to repeal those restrictions. But we must face a simple truth: those restrictions are unlikely to be repealed in the immediate future. And we simply cannot allow a trial to be delayed any longer for the victims of the 9/11 attacks or for their family members who have waited for nearly a decade for justice. I have talked to these family members on many occasions over the last two years. Like many Americans, they differ on where the 9/11 conspirators should be prosecuted, but there is one thing on which they all agree: We must bring the conspirators to justice. So today I am referring the cases of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Walid Muhammad Bin Attash, Ramzi Bin Al Shibh, Ali Abdul-Aziz Ali, and Mustafa Ahmed Al Hawsawi to the Department of Defense to proceed in military commissions. Furthermore, I have directed prosecutors to move to dismiss the indictment that was handed down under seal in the Southern District of New York in December, 2009, and a judge has granted that motion. Prosecutors from both the Departments of Defense and Justice have been working together since the beginning of this matter, and I have full faith and confidence in the military commission system to appropriately handle this case as it proceeds. The Department of Justice will continue to offer all the support necessary as this critically important matter moves forward. The administration worked with Congress to substantially reform military commissions in 2009, and I believe they can deliver fair trials and just verdicts. For the victims of these heinous attacks and their families, that justice is long overdue, and it must not be delayed any longer. Since I made the decision to prosecute the alleged 9/11 conspirators, the effectiveness of our federal courts and the thousands of prosecutors, judges, law enforcement officers, and defense attorneys who work in them have been subjected to a number of unfair, and often unfounded, criticisms. Too many people many of whom certainly know better have expressed doubts about our time-honored and time-tested system of justice. That’s not only misguided, it’s wrong. The fact is, federal courts have proven to be an unparalleled instrument for bringing terrorists to justice. Our courts have convicted hundreds of terrorists since September 11, and our prisons safely and securely hold hundreds today, many of them serving long sentences. There is no other tool that has demonstrated the ability to both incapacitate terrorists and collect intelligence from them over such a diverse range of circumstances as our traditional justice system. Our national security demands that we continu e to prosecute terrorists in federal court, and we will do so. Our heritage, our values, and our legacy to future generations also demand that we have full faith and confidence in a court system that has distinguished this nation throughout its history. Finally, I want to thank the prosecutors from the Southern District of New York and the Eastern District of Virginia who have spent countless hours working to bring this case to trial. They are some of the most dedicated and patriotic Americans I have ever encountered, and our nation is safer because of the work they do every day. They have honored their country through their efforts on this case, and I thank them for it. I am proud of each and every one of them. Sadly, this case has been marked by needless controversy since the beginning. But despite all the argument and debate it has engendered, the prosecution of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and his co-conspirators should never have been about settling ideological arguments or scoring political points. At the end of our indictment appear the names of 2,976 people who were killed in the attacks on that deadly September day nearly ten years ago. Innocent Americans and citizens of foreign countries alike who were murdered by ruthless terrorists intent on crippling our nation and attacking the values that we hold dear. This case has always been about delivering justice for those victims, and for their surviving loved ones. Nothing else. It is my sincere hope that, through the actions we take today, we will finally be able to deliver the justice they have so long deserved. Book/CDs by Michael E. Eidenmuller, Published by McGraw-Hill (2008) Text Source: http://www.justice.gov/ Audio, Image (Screenshot) Source: YouTube.com Audio Note: AR-XE = American Rhetoric Extreme Enhancement Copyright Status: Text = Public domain. Audio, Image = Uncertain.

Assessing HRD need is important in developing strategic HRD process Essay

Assessing HRD need is important in developing strategic HRD process - Essay Example The role of HRD in modern organizations has been extensively emphasized in the literature; emphasis is given though on the potential complexity and the increased needs of HRD plans, a fact that has led to the assumption that the development of effective HRD policies requires the active support of both the employer and the employees. Current paper focuses on the examination of a particular aspect of HRD: the development of strategic HRD process. Reference is made specifically to the relationship between this process and the assessment of HRD need. The examination of the literature published in the particular field has revealed that indeed the accurate and appropriate assessment of HRD need can increase the chances for the successful development of strategic HRD process; however, the terms under which the interaction between the above two activities/ processes can be developed are not always clear. It seems that the conditions in the internal and the external organizational environment can affect the level at which the assessment of HR need affects the development of strategic HRD process. All the potential aspects of the above relationship are examined and critically analyzed in this paper using examples – as possible – from relevant organizational practices. ... terprises of all sizes; however, the forms of HRD that each of these enterprises decide to implement is differentiated – usually being depended on the organizational needs, the resources available and the benefits expected. Indicative forms of HRD are the following ones: ‘the training sessions for employees in various departments, the career planning projects and the participation in a wide change effort of the organization’ (Werner et al 2008, p.4). It is also noted that the development of effective HRD policies is depended on the existence of the relevant resources; for this reason, before proceeding to the establishment of a particular HRD plan, the managers involved need to ensure that the resources required for the execution of the plan are available – or, at least, that they will be available in the short term (Werner et al. 2008). Through a similar point of view, Reid et al. (2004) noted that HRD is a key process for enterprises of all sizes; however , it is explained that not all employers manage to understand the needs or the value of the specific process. Moreover, the ability of managers to respond to the needs of the HRD policies is often limited – under the influence of personal perceptions on organizational priorities and values (Reid et al 2004). At the next level, Reid et al (2004) state that the responsibility of managers involved in HRD policies can be differentiated – more specifically, differences have been identified in ‘managerial responsibility for learning, development and training’ (Reid et al. 2004, p.118) – a fact that it is negatively criticized by the above researchers. It is suggested that the responsibility of HR managers for the various phases of the HRD process should be equal securing their high level of engagement to

Case study about business law Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

About business law - Case Study Example The other tactic was using the illegalities of other investors – to silence them over the infringement of their intellectual property rights. That was the case with Sony, where BYD challenged the validity of their patents in Japan. Another tactic was the careful copying of patents to ensure that they did not match all design patents, like the case was with the F3. Another tactic was the illegal acquisition of the trade secrets of other companies, for example, that was the case with the documents retrieved from the systems of Foxconn (Li et al. a 3-5). The learning-by-hiring strategy is unlawful, as it offers a highway through which the patent rights of employers are transferred to rival employers or businesses. Due to its unlawful nature, an aggressive assertion and protection of patent rights can reduce the departure of these skilled workers. The tactic of adopting the intellectual property of others and hiding behind their illegality in the area of rights protection is illeg al, but cannot be proved, especially in the cases where the property’s patent ownership cannot be proved. That was the case with Sony, where their patent ownership in Japan was challenged. ... of trade secrets through the unlawful efforts of insider aides at victim companies is unlawful – as the practice amounts to trade secret theft (espionage) therefore BYD could be prosecuted for this action, if it is that they committed the crime (Li et al. a 5). The management practices at Foxconn, which have contributed to the strategy of BYD include that the company should have engaged in continual monitoring of the market, to ensure that the infringement of its Intellectual property was reported before it caused damage. The company’s greatest loss of trade secrets was caused by its lack of a system to restrict access to trade secrets and information. For example, the company could ensure that non-complete business agreements and non-disclosure were addressed fully and effectively, as it was the cause for the shift of its experts to BYD. Proper information security measures could also have been developed to secure vital information – to ensure that their trade s ecrets and vital information were safe (Stender et al. 30). Part 2 The options available to Foxconn include IP management strategies and litigation options. The strengths and weaknesses of the strategy of the administrative system used by Foxconn include the following: it requires less load of evidence, it is cost effective and the process is faster. The weaknesses include that low penalties are offered – which does not stop repeat offenders. Further, the raids conducted may not be authentic – which may allow the items seized to reach the market. The use of the judicial system presents the strengths that they would get damages for infringement and intense pressure would be exerted on the infringers. The weaknesses of the process include that it may cost the company high litigation costs, it may

General Appliances Essay Example for Free

General Appliances Essay Introduction:The General Appliance Corporation is a manufacturer of all types of home appliances. The company has a decentralized, divisional organizational structure, which consists of four product divisions (electric stove, laundry equipment, refrigeration and miscellaneous appliance division), four manufacturing divisions (chrome products, electric motor, gear and transmission and stamping division) and six staff offices (finance, engineering, manufacturing, industrial relations, purchasing and marketing staff). The staff offices do not have functional authority over the divisional general managers, who are each responsible for their own divisional personnel. The manufacturing division made approximately 75 percent of their sales to the product division. In addition, the parts made by the manufacturing division is designed and engineered by the product divisions. Since the eight divisions are expected to act like independent companies, the transfer prices are negotiated amongst themselves. But, if two divisions could not agree on a price, they submit the dispute to the finance staff for arbitration. The product division does not have the power to decide whether to buy from within the company or from outside. If there was a disagreement with the sourcing, the manufacturing division could appeal to the purchasing staff to reverse the decision. Problem:At the General Appliance Corporation, the purchasing staffs are the personnel that decide which part would continue to be manufactured within the company (org. chart may need to be revised). When the part is decided to be manufactured internally, the manufacturing division must hold the price at a level the product (purchaser) division could purchase it outside. Currently, the managers do not have the freedom to source and choose the alternative that is in their best interest, even though an alternative for sourcing does exist. The three problems that exist in the company are:-Determining a transfer price that includes the extra $0.80 per unit spent on developing the new quality standards. Also, the arbitration committee should determine whether the appearance is a subjective or objective matter. -An excess capacity (supply is greater than demand) caused a temporary  decrease in the selling price. -The standard price used for calculations of the total cost, profit and proposed price is determined from the price given in a competitors proposal this is not a definite price. Investment Centres dont know when to produce or when to outsource (what role does innovation or engineering for lower costs play?)For each case, calculate if its better to outsource or manufactureArbitration committee which considers all staff functionsDo something quick fast (cheap) and easy to doAnalysis:Stove Top Problem Survey has shown that the companys reputation as a producer of quality products has deteriorated, and resulted in the Chrome Products Division implementing quality improvements to the stove tops. Chrome has proposed to increase the price of the stove top by $0.90; $0.80 represents the additional costs of quality improvements and a $0.10 profit mark-up. The Electric Stove Division does not see the improvements as necessary changes since there is no change in engineering specifications, the changes made were never requested or approved, consumers may not even notice or want the change, and believes that the improvements made will only bring the quality level of the stove tops to the competitors level. Ultimately, Electric Stove sees these quality changes as being more subjective rather than objective. The engineering department of the manufacturing staff has verified that the new improvements were of superior quality then of their competitors and the costs were reasonably allocated. Thermostatic Control Problem Electric Motor Division has been able to consistently reduce the price of the thermostatic control units to mirror the price of Monson Controls Corp. from $3.00 in 1984 to $2.40 in 1987. Monson has decided to further reduce their price to $2.15, which according to the general manager of Electric Motor Division, would result in selling at a loss rather than a profit. The GM believes that they are just as efficient as Monson, therefore Monson must be selling at a loss at $2.15. Laundry Equipment and the Refrigeration Division both require a total of 120 000 units for their division (100 000 units for Laundry and 2 000 units for Refrigeration). Refrigeration has made an agreement with Electric Motor that  they will be able to competitively source to the lowest bidder, in this case, Monson for $2.15. Laundry Equipment believes that for such a large order, they could probably obtain a lower price than $2.40 if they were to outsource. In reviewing this dispute, the Finance Staff stated that there was excess capacity in the market that results in soft prices. The purchasing staff believed that Refrigeration could purchase their requirements at $2.15 for the next year but if the corporations orders were all place externally, the price would rise to $2.40 through increase in demand or limited supply. Considering the 120 000 units of thermostatic control that is required by both the Laundry Equipment and the Refrigeration Division, and the fact that their requirement is large enough to increase Monsons price of $2.15 to $2.40, General App. will have to outsource and purchase from within. Assuming that the more units General App. outsources, the price will gradually increase due to the increase in demand. The best combination of outsourcing and purchasing from within would be to outsource 60 000 units at an estimated price of $2.25 and purchase 60 000 units internally for $2.40. This would cost the organization $279 000, a savings between $1 000 and $9 000. The average price per unit is $2.325, less than the cost of the market price if the required volume was entirely outsourced. It is also less then purchasing the entire volume internally. This would result in Laundry Equipment saving $7 500 and costing $3 500 to Refrigeration as oppose to purchasing their required volume at $2.15. Transmission Problem Laundry Equipment has previously entered into an agreement with Thorndike Machining Corp to purchase one-half of its transmission for 10 years. Two years before the expiration of the agreement, General App. decided to manufacture their own transmissions to extend their capacity. Thorndike proposed a price reduction of $0.50 consistently for the next two years with a new economy transmission unit at a price of $10. The Gear and Transmission Division estimates that they can replicate a comparable model of the economy transmission at a competitive price of $9. The Gear and Transmission Divisions proposal failed to eliminate the cost of design features of $0.50 per unit. This would bring the proposed total  unit cost for GT from $11.66 to $11.11. This error makes Thorndikes proposed price of $11.21 appear more favourable. Bibliography: Anthony, Robert N., and Vijay Govindarajan. Management Control Systems. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2000.

Peter the Great :: History, Informative

PETER THE GREAT Peter the Great born on May 30, 1672. He shared power with his brother from 1682, but when Ivan died in 1696, Peter was officially declared Sovereign of all Russia. Peter was important because he wasn’t just any ruler, he created a regular army and navy. During his reign the Russian military increased from around 30,000 men in 1695, to about 300,000 men in 1725, and that included the newly formed navy. He completely changed the government into a bureaucratic state with its capital in St. Petersburg. Peter also changed the calendar to the same style used in most of Europe. He paid special attention to the development of science. He was a famous and skillful diplomat and a talented military leader. Under Peter's rule, Russia became a great European nation. In 1721, he proclaimed Russia an Empire and was accorded the title of Emperor of All Russia, Great Father of the Fatherland and "the Great." Some of his accomplishments are during the Great Northern War with Sweden, which lasted for nearly his entire reign. Russia eventually won the war with the signing of the Treaty of Nystadt in 1721. Although Russia had really won the war in 1709 at the battle of Poltava, Sweden continued to fight because of support from France and Britain. The results of the war made Russia the most powerful country in Northern Europe, and the undisputed master of the Baltic Sea. The Great Northern War also, and more importantly, made Peter know throughout Europe as a powerful, successful, and ultimately Western style leader of a respected nation. Peter the Great :: History, Informative PETER THE GREAT Peter the Great born on May 30, 1672. He shared power with his brother from 1682, but when Ivan died in 1696, Peter was officially declared Sovereign of all Russia. Peter was important because he wasn’t just any ruler, he created a regular army and navy. During his reign the Russian military increased from around 30,000 men in 1695, to about 300,000 men in 1725, and that included the newly formed navy. He completely changed the government into a bureaucratic state with its capital in St. Petersburg. Peter also changed the calendar to the same style used in most of Europe. He paid special attention to the development of science. He was a famous and skillful diplomat and a talented military leader. Under Peter's rule, Russia became a great European nation. In 1721, he proclaimed Russia an Empire and was accorded the title of Emperor of All Russia, Great Father of the Fatherland and "the Great." Some of his accomplishments are during the Great Northern War with Sweden, which lasted for nearly his entire reign. Russia eventually won the war with the signing of the Treaty of Nystadt in 1721. Although Russia had really won the war in 1709 at the battle of Poltava, Sweden continued to fight because of support from France and Britain. The results of the war made Russia the most powerful country in Northern Europe, and the undisputed master of the Baltic Sea. The Great Northern War also, and more importantly, made Peter know throughout Europe as a powerful, successful, and ultimately Western style leader of a respected nation.

Concerns about poor practice Essay

3.3.3- Evaluate ways in which concerns about poor practice can be reported whilst ensuring that whistle-blowers and those whose practice or behaviour is being questioned are protected.  Any person who wants to work with children has to go through a screening process to ensure they are suitable, and any convictions are known about. Despite these thorough checks some abuse still happens within schools by the staff. This is called institutional abuse. There is a duty for all staff to follow and comply with all policies and procedures within the school to ensure that children are not put at risk so any concerns or worries must be expressed to the designated person or the Head Teacher. If there are concerns that a colleague is abusing a child in any way, then immediate action is required. This action is the same as if the abuser was anyone else be it parent or stranger and the Child Protection Officer must be informed, or if they are thought to be responsible for the abuse then you can go straight to the County Council. Although this is a very difficult situation , the first priority is the welfare of the child. SCHOOL WHISTLE BLOWING POLICY Aim of the policy This policy sets out guidelines relating to disclosures, given by people who have reasonable concerns or misgiving about serious misconduct or malpractice within the school. Key points This policy applies to all staff, volunteers, supply staff, parents and pupils, and is intended to encourage staff to raise concerns within the school, rather than outside. All staff should understand their own responsibility to bring matters of concern about children, fellow teachers or volunteers to the attention of the Head Teacher, Governors or Hampshire County Council. The policy protects anyone who voices concerns of any of the following, from any repercussions. Conduct that is illegal or a criminal offence, physical or sexual abuse of pupils or others, contraventions of health and safety that could affect staff or members of the public, fraud or corruption or any unethical behaviour of a serious nature. Employees are  ensured an appropriate response to their disclosure and are made aware of how they can take the matter further if necessary. Confidentiality between all parties must be maintained at all times so any communication should be in writing and will be sent to the employees home address. There are some situations which must be reported to the Police. Any disclosure should be put in writing. An employee can have a second person attend any meetings, be it a friend or Union representative.  The policy gives protection to anyone who voices concerns in good faith, on discrimination, victimisation or disadvantage. Although there is no time limit in place for raising concerns , any delay could hinder an investigation and this may have child protection or serious health and safety implications.

History of the Olympic Games

The modern Olympic movement has been shaped by many differentiating factors over the years. It has been altered by social, political, and economic factors. More specifically, warring times, changes to social structures, and economic activity that varies by country have been the overall leading factors that have shaped the Olympics over the years. The Olympics have shown over the decades that they can be affected by political conflict. However, it seems that this is the point of the Olympics, to illustrate national pride, by competition.Bloodshed should not be the way for pride of one’s country to be shown, but it should be shown through competition, in the words of the founder of the modern Olympic movement, Pierre de Coubertin(1). The games have been used as a weapon for denouncing a country’s sportsmanship, such as in 1956 when Arnold Lunn, a British Olympic team official accused the Nazis of cheating in the 1936 Olympic games that were held in Germany. He went on to allege that the competitors of Germany went onto the course while it was closed to athletes.Though the fact that they were trying so hard to practice, could be an example of the importance placed on the games at the time before war period. This is implied by the statement by Arnold Lunn that victory was the only thing that mattered to the Nazis, and how they achieved it did not matter as long as they did(3). The use of the Olympics to show off one’s country was further demonstrated during the Cold War, when the United States and the Soviet Union were itching to outdo one another.Bob Matthias gives insight through an interview into the United State’s yearning to win over Russia. The competitor told of the spirit of winning throughout the team, even in the athletes that were sure to win for the United States(4). This is a stark contrast to an information guide provided by the Soviet Union regarding the olympics being held in Moscow that year. It tells of seeking peace wi th the U. S. , and how the Olympics were a beacon for social progress and democracy(6). This resulted in the U. S.boycotting the Olympics, due to the obvious bias in the information. Ali Kabir, finally, told of how the rise and fall of his nation’s hockey team reflects the lack of unity in his own country, even going as far as stating that it’s players are clueless and have tarnished Pakistan’s name(10). This further demonstrates how the Olympic Games reflect political events at the time they are being held. Not only do the Olympic games make a habit of displaying the events of the world through it’s ‘friendly’ competitions, but it also lets economic factors manifest in it’s events.Ryotaro Azuma, mayor of Tokyo, spoke in an interview in 1972 regarding the 1964 Olympic games held in Japan. He told of how his country finally had a chance to get out of the losing spirit after World War II and rise as a world trade power. The Olympic Games in this case, were used to boost a country’s economy and wealth as well come back as a leading power(5). A Japanese newspaper editorial in 1988 commented about the use of industrial powers by South Korea in that year’s Olympic games, or lack thereof.It comments negatively on the fact that South Korea did not have the funding to set up the games as well as display it’s industrial and economic power to the world, implying that no matter the medals one, the industrial power by the U. S. , Japan, and other countries will make a lot of profit and leave a memorable impression on the world while South Korea will not(7). The International Olympic Committee provided statistics lending insight into the fees provided into Olympic events, showing an expected trend.In 1980, it is useful to know that the U. S. and Soviet Union were locked in the Cold War, and as stated previously, the U. S. refused to come to the Olympic Games held in Moscow as well as Russia refusing to att end the one in Los Angeles. The shockingly low fees paid to have viewing and advertising rights to the games held in Moscow reflects the war. Many countries boycotted the Olympics that year, so the severely low amount of fees paid further demonstrates this tense time in during the 20th century.However, the dramatic increase in the fees paid to broadcast Atlanta’s games illustrates the time of peace after the Cold War ended, with over 800 million dollars being given to broadcast the games(9). Finally, the Olympic games are altered by the diverse and changing social structures in the world. For instance, in 1908 a photograph of British competitor Sybil Newall shooting her bow was found on newspapers across England(2). Whether this photograph was staged to sell newspapers or not, it cannot be denied that this photograph indicates the beginning of women’s movement, which was obviously an important issue during this time in the world.With more leniency being given to women during this time, they were eventually being allowed to compete in the competitive events, though only 2% of the athletes were women. This factor also continues to show during the 1992 games held in Spain, where by then 29% of women were competing. Hassiba Boulmerka was an Algerian competitor during this time and spoke in an interview about her critics, and how being the first Algerian to win an Olympic title did not depend on her gender, but simply on her strength in her mind and in body.Boulmerka was heavily criticized by Muslim groups in Algeria for wearing shorts as she ran in the events. Despite this, the games illustrated the decreasing requirements for dresses and increasing requests for appropriate attire, no matter what gender the competitor identifies as. A helpful addition to analyzing the Olympic games would be an article reflecting the point of view of a German athlete during the 1936 games being held in Germany. They could explain why the competitors went onto the cour ses to practice while they closed, or if they did at all.He or she could balance the point of view by pointing out that they did not cheat, and that they simply were practicing and either did not know the rules or were just doing what they thought would be okay. Another helpful article would be to add on to the statistics provided by the International Olympic Committee by showing how many countries that competed versus the countries that actually paid for broadcasting rights, especially during the 1980’s games.This would show whether there is an actual correlation between the lack of countries participating and the lack of money being put into the broadcasting rights of the games. The Olympic games have been shown to be altered and influenced by the social, economic, and political events happening all around it. It seems to be the central point of tension and friendly competition every four years. It was intended to be that way, reflecting the world’s ever changing vie ws on life and each other.

The Steel Industry They Will Survive

The Steel Industry They Will Survive Steel has been part of the greatest achievements in history. It was the "iron horse" and steel rails that helped carve a nation out of the frontier. Steel is the backbone of bridges, the skeleton of skyscrapers and the framework of automobiles. Now in the 21st century, it is still revolutionizing the way we live. It is high strength frames for eyeglasses; it is a strong durable frame in housing and it's precise surgical instruments used in hospital operating rooms around the world.Iron has been a vital material in technology for well over 3,000 years. But until the Industrial Revolution, its mining, smelting, and working were largely done by individuals and small groups. Known since ancient times, steel is made by alloying iron with carbon to produce a harder stronger metal.Steel was very expensive to manufacture by the primitive methods available and was used largely for specialty items such as swords and precision instruments.Bethlehem Steel works, "Watercolor in sepia brown,..."St eel making (in the 18th century) was a laborious and time-consuming process." (1) Manufacturing of steel improved during the 19th century with Henry Bessemer's invention of using a blast furnace method for making steel.During the 20th century, a basic oxygen-furnace process and the electric arc furnace produced steel. The electric arc method is the least costly method of making steel. This uses scrap metal as its base. Steel scrap from many sources such as old bridges, refrigerators and automobiles and other sources are placed in an electric arc furnace, where the intense heat produced by carbon electrodes melts the scrap, converting it into molten steel. Establishments that use this method of producing steel are called electric arc furnace (EAF) mills or minimills.The small initial capital investment required to start and operate an EAF mill has helped drive the growth of the production...

Pregnant women who have more exposure to higher pollution areas are at Essay

Pregnant women who have more exposure to higher pollution areas are at more of risk for having children with autism - Essay Example This is the most recent in several similar studies to suggest this although it is the first national study. The suspect agents include diesel exhaust, mercury, manganese, lead, methylene chloride and nickel. Pollutants of this nature present in the atmosphere pose a higher risk to mothers in these areas for giving birth to children with autism. Mercury and diesel exhaust were found to pose the highest risk. Other researchers argue that there is a higher risk of autistic children being born to mothers living in areas polluted with several industrial pollutants. Windham et al. (2006), suggested that a potential association exists between autism and other elements of environmental pollution such as metal particles and possible solvents in the atmosphere. Pregnant women who lived near San Francisco bay and exposed to environmental pollutants were susceptible to autism spectrum disorders. This is due to the particulate matter in air and vaporization of mercury from asphalt during hot weather causing increased exposure to higher than normal levels of contamination. Windham et al. (2006) suggested that areas with increased concentrations of hazardous pollutants are at more risk of experiencing autism disorders. This also occurs along the west coast where there are increased ambient levels of particulate pollutants blown in from Asian countries that are the largest producers of these pollutant s from coal burning in power production plants. These pollutants are neurotoxins that cross the placental barrier to the baby during development in the womb and cause genetic changes leading to defective genes. These genes disrupt brain development by causing a breakdown in the process in the fetus and cause autism. According to Kalkbrenner et al., (2014), this may also be by retarding natural nervous system development or by hindering immune cells from assisting more efficient neuron

The affects of Agent orange Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The affects of Agent orange - Research Paper Example Talking about the chemical composition of the Agent Orange, it is a 50:50 mixture of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (Scheme 1). Scheme 1: Phoxyacetic acids that form Agent Orange (Claus and Walters, 148). Series of studies were undertaken in order to evaluate potential effects of Agent Orange and its production by-products on health. Let alone the mixture that form Agent Orange, 2,4,5-T is highly toxic and there is a substantial amount of evidence regarding its possible effects on health and environment. In late 1960s it was revealed that 2,4,5-T usually contained dioxin (TCDD), which was more toxic then 2,4,5-T. This information allowed to explain a number of properties attributed to Agent Orange. Scheme 2: Production of Agent Orange components and unwanted side reactions (Claus and Walters, 148). 2,4,5-T was synthesized by Robert Pokorny in 1941. Subsequently the compound was extensively studied and patented as a weed killer. Later, the spectrum of its applications increased as well as the amount of publications and patents regarding this product. 2,4,5-T was in production from 1950 to 1979. During that time Dow Chemical was the largest company producing this chemical for agricultural purposes. Taking the production from the lab into industry led to the formation of the highly toxic dioxin 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) as a consequence of a side reaction (Scheme 1). The first step of the process is the reaction between 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene and sodium hydroxide to afford 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxide (2,4,5-TCP)(Scheme 1). The formed product would then react with chloroacetic acid at 1400C to yield 2,4,5-T. Temperature control is critical for both processes, because at 1600C 2,4,5-T can participate in a self-condensation reaction leading to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)(Heaton 1996). In the second half of the 20th century no precautions were taken to eliminate the formation of t his dioxin. As a result, seventeen thousand people were exposed to this dangerous by product in Italy during an accident on a chemical plant near Seveso in 1976 (Eskenazi, et al., 2003). When such precautions were taken it was difficult to maintain the required temperature in the industrial scale reaction vessel. For this reason dioxin was a consistent by product in the 2,4,5-T production. Its quantities were measured in parts per million, and according to initial legislation had to be no higher than one part per million. Later the limit was pushed to 0.1 ppm and 0.01 ppm in the United States and UK respectively. In order to meet this requirement better temperature control was introduced and the formed dioxin was removed from 2,4,5-T (Hay 160). Talking about toxicology of dioxin and the components that form Agent Orange, according to Arthur Galston’s extensive review published in 1979, TCDD in trace quantities was able to bring up serious health issues in test animals. Dioxin e is the primary toxic compound of Agent Orange. Its presence was able to promote chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), soft-tissue sarcoma and both Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s types of lymphoma. Exposure to Agent Orange leads to increased chances of acute myelogenous leukemia in the children of the US soldiers who served in Vietnam (Schuck 19). Another study, conducted in 1969 exposed the toxicity of

How to set off a roadside bomb (IED) using radio, mobile phones etc Essay

How to set off a roadside bomb (IED) using radio, mobile phones etc - Essay Example Considering the attacks on the troops of U.S. in Iraq with these bombs as well as increasing reports of IED attacks in Afghanistan, have led to the rising need to find counter measures to act against IEDs (Freudenrich 2013). Previously the IEDs were like basic pipe bombs. However with advancements in the field, artillery shells in multiple numbers, explosives and rocket propellants are used for the detonation of the IEDs. The wires that are used in the roadside bombs in the present times are not easy to detect and set off. Uses of cell phones or devices like garage door opener are often used for the purpose of detonation as well. The size of the IEDs used for explosions are varying in sizes where large IEDs are capable of exploding large vehicles and areas. Reports are mostly obtained for the destruction of the U.S. troops and in Afghanistan for the use of these bombs. Since these bombs are mostly detonated in a remote manner, it has been observed that jammers are essential in the bu siness of IEDs. It has also been reported that many times the detonators are used where the wires are connected for the purpose of detonating the bombs. Remote detonation is also possible with the use of roadside bombs (Congress 2006). Setting off such roadside bombs or IEDs also makes use of different ways and devices. This is the way the bombs are triggered. Pressure-switches, trip wires, and devices like photo detectors can be used for setting off the bombs. Heavy military vehicles are generally required to set off bombs through use of pressure switches. Radios, cell phones, walkie-talkies are some of the other devices, the signal transmissions of which are used effectively in the setting off the IEDs. The control of such remote devices is generally placed under the responsibility of some man who stands at a distance to trigger the bombs at the correct time. Use of devices like the radio and mobile phones has been found to be more effective than using wired controls over the bomb s (IED Defeat n.d.). Aim and Objectives of the Study: The aim of the study is to learn about the process of detonating or setting off roadside bombs or IEDs using devices like radio and mobile phones. Considering the above mentioned aim, the following objectives have been set for the study: The study will discuss about the GSM mobile phones that are used and their technical standards. Discuss about the standards of the 3G phones that are available. Discuss about the standards of the 4G LTE phones. Learn about the UHF and VHF modes of communication including cordless phones, DECT, 2.4 GHz WiFi, 5GHz WiFi Have an overview on the commercial devices that can detect and locate these forms of communication. Discuss how roadside bombs or IEDs can be set off using mobile phones and radio like devices. GSM Mobile Phones: Technical Standards: GSM or Global System for Mobile Communications can identify the account of the user using this particular system. It is a wireless network technology ba sed on TDMA (What is â€Å"GSM†? 2013). TDMA refers to the technology Time Division Multiple Access used in mobile devices that allows increasing the amount of data that can be passed and communicated by dividing the channel of communication into different slots (Rouse 2006). The use of GSM has allowed users to easily change their mobile devices by simply taking out the SIM (or Subscriber Identification Module) card from one device and inserting it into